Symbiosis of Plants , 9 Animals , and Microbes

CIntroduction ........................... ................................................. .............. ......... .. ... .. .......................... 185 Life on Eruth ... ........ ... ... ............... ............ .. .. .. ................................................................................ 186 Parasitism and Pathogenicity .... ..... .......... .............................. ........................................................ 186 ;:-Insects and Parasitism with Plants and Animals ....................................................................... 187 . .-Microbes and ParasitismlPathogenicity with Plants and Animals ....... ..................................... 188 Plant Microbial Parasites and Pathogens ............................ ........... .. ..................................... 188 Animal Microbial Parasites and Pathogens .............. .. ......... ..... ................... ... .... ... .... .... ....... 188 Animals and Microsporidia .................................... ......... .. ......................... .......................... 189 Animals and Zoonotic Bacterial Pathogens ......................................................................... 189 Commensalism and Mutualism ........... ................. .. ........ ..... .. .............. ....... .... ....................... .. ....... 189 Commensalism and Mutualism among Plants and Animals ....... : ............. ................................ 190 Microbes and Mutualism/Commensalism with Plants .............................................................. 191 Nitrogen Assimilation ............................................ ....... ........... ... ....... ......... ......................... 191 Arbuscular Mycorrbiza .......................................... ... .............. ........ ...................................... 192 Additional Plant/Microbe Interactions .... ...... ..... ....... ....... ........ .............. .................. ... ..... .... 192 Pathogen Suppression ............................................ ....... ... .......... .. ................ ................ ......... 193 Fungal Endophytes and Plants .......................... ...... ...................... .. .............. .. ............. ........ 193 Modem Agriculture and Symbiosis with Plants ................................................................... 193 Microbes and Mutualism/Commensalism with Animals .................. ...... .................................. 194 Gastrointestinal Tracts of Production Animals ..................................................................... 194 Pregastric Fermentation and the Ruminant ................... ................................. .... ........... ....... 198 Symbiosis and Evolution in Animals ........................................................................................200 Summary and ConcLusions ...................................................... .............. .... .. ..... ............................. 201 References ...................................................................... .. .. ................... .... .... ..................... ....... .... . 202